Marketing Consumer Behaviour Food Statistics

Question: Depict about the Essay for Marketing Consumer Behavior for Food Statistics. Answer: Presentation Patterns of food and refreshment industry are changing step by step. Individuals are getting more cognizant about their wellbeing than they are previously. The strength of individuals is debasing because of numerous variables, for example, contamination, noxious fixings in food, admission of more shoddy nourishments, and so forth. Fixation on wellbeing is developing among the brain of individuals. It is the primary explanation of changed shopper patterns in the business. As indicated by numerous sorts of examination, the ascent of practical nourishments and natural nourishments are in pattern in the food and refreshment industry. The report will distinguish the changing examples of buyer conduct in this industry with the execution of different speculations and models. Purchaser conduct is the fundamental viewpoint which the organizations must concentration so as to support in the serious business world. The food and drink industry of United Kingdom rely upon numerous variables, for e xample, provider connections, a value war among the general stores, purchasing conduct of clients, and so forth. The conduct of purchasers changed slowly particle United Kingdom as well as in different pieces of the world. The report will depict the improvement of advertising blend by the organizations of United Kingdom dependent on the purchaser conduct of the market. Notwithstanding, the showcasing blend will be adjusted to the most recent patterns of food and drinks in the market. Piece of the overall industry of the organizations is additionally referenced in the investigation which will help in understanding the patterns of the market. The variables of changing customer purchasing conduct and buying choice are clarified in a definite way. Food and refreshment advertise in the United Kingdom Food and drink industry is a blasting business sector. It is the biggest assembling industry in the United Kingdom. The turnover of the business is 95.4 billion pounds. In the business, there are practically in excess of 7000 organizations which utilize around 400,000 specialists in the whole country. The innovative work branch of different organizations of this part contributes a lot to present around 17,000 new food items consistently (Gov.uk 2014). New item advancement is drilled by a large portion of the organizations related with the business. The food and drink showcase are busy with grocery store retail monsters, for example, Sainsburys, Asda, Morrisons, and Tesco. These four stores are known as Big Four. The comfort showcase is expanding step by step because of occupied ways of life of buyers. Time is a significant factor for changing the patterns of shopper conduct (Anon 2016). It is the aftereffect of the arrangement of helpful stores where nourishments, beverages and day b y day utilize products are accessible. It is one of the significant drivers of development in the coming years. The estimation of the accommodation showcase in the United Kingdom by 2018 is determined to ascend by 46.2 billion pounds (Barclays 2016). The rise of solid nourishments is the consequence of the cognizance of clients with respect to their wellbeing. Food and drink fabricating organizations of the country are reliably discovering answers for create sound and nutritious nourishments for shoppers. The ascent of solid nourishments is the consequence of developing worry of diabetes and heftiness among individuals (Solomon, Russell-Bennett and Previte 2013). It is discovered that individuals of United Kingdom are inclined to stoutness when contrasted with different nations. Assembling organizations are worried about this reality and are making a move from multiple points of view. They are lessening the amount of sugar in different refreshments and nourishments. Salt of nourishm ents is brought down alongside the expansion of fiber content in nourishments. The idea of ethnic nourishments, utilitarian food sources are in pattern in the changing example of nourishments and drink in the business. Moral nourishments are popular in the U.K showcase (Schiffman et al. 2013). The moral food and drink segment represents 8.5% of absolute deals of family food in the time of 2013. Over 88% of individuals in the United Kingdom devour ethnic nourishments at their home. Aside from that, nature of nourishments is one of the most essential parts of the business. Food producing organizations of United Kingdom are known for selling most secure and sterile food on the planet. Microbiologists of the nation are continually concentrating on the microbiological pollution of nourishments with different substances (East, Wright and Vanhuele 2013). Shopper conduct of the business Shopper conduct is characterized as the activities of the clients or customers in the market while purchasing an item. Advertisers these days are concentrating on understanding the buyer conduct on the specific business so as to cook real items to them. Fulfillment of clients is basic for the accomplishment of a business just as the business in general. Shopper conduct is named as the dynamic variables of clients while buying merchandise for their own utilization (Foxall 2014). There are numerous elements which impact the conduct of clients while buying required merchandise from business sectors. The elements incorporate individual, social, mental, situational, social, showcasing factors, and so on. Buyer conduct varies for various items (Yoon et al. 2012). Buyer personal conduct standard is connected with shopping propensities alongside perspectives, inspiration of clients. Patterns of nourishments in the market are straightforwardly relative to the changing example of shopper conduct in the market. With the expanded consideration of wholesome and solid nourishments by purchasers, organizations are producing nourishments and beverages dependent on the inclination of the shoppers. Microbiologists of United Kingdom are known for keeping up high caliber in the nourishments (Dolfsma 2013). There are some well known patterns of customers which rise in the ongoing years. The patterns are low-fat nourishments, the ascent of eco-cognizant nourishments, falsehood old enough, awareness about wellbeing and sustenance, the interest for hostile to wheat food sources, lower utilization of shoddy nourishments, and so on. Purchasers accept on the nourishing data of nourishments which are encoded at the bundling of food sources. They are keen on nourishments which contain low fat and low calorie. The ascent of eco-cognizant nourishments is a pattern of clients while buy ing products. Individuals are keen on natural nourishments more than the typical classification of nourishments (Kahle and Chiagouris, 2014). Cost is a significant factor for individuals of the nation. Organizations are giving items at lower costs while keeping up a decent quality. Stores of United Kingdom are selling staple items at less expensive costs. Be that as it may, the nature of the nourishments is kept up by them. Low quality nourishment organizations are declining their deals in the market. The sodas are additionally getting out of the market. Refreshments of low calorie are in the pattern in this division. View of sustenance and diet is a significant part of shopper conduct in the market of this area. Utilization of speculations and models of customer conduct There are numerous models and hypothetical structures of buyer conduct that help the organization for deciding the idea of the clients while taking the choice in the buying of items. Customer conduct incorporates numerous subjects separated from advertising, for example, is a huge field which incorporates brain research, conduct promoting, human science, and so forth. The speculations of this field are interrelated with these subjects (Kotler et al. 2015). The models that will be portrayed in the examination for understanding shopper dynamic procedure and determination of stores are Black Box Model, Engel Kollat Blackwell model, Maslows inspirational hypothesis and Sheth Howard model. Discovery model in shopper conduct speaks to qualities of purchasers, customer reactions, dynamic procedure and various boosts. It is a model of behaviorism where various upgrades of clients are recognized. The distinction in upgrade is identified with the buying choice of purchasers. Advertising improvements contain 4Ps of the showcasing blend. Ecological upgrades comprise of innovative, financial and segment factors (De Bock 2016). These two upgrades lead to purchasers reaction and choice procedure. Engel Kollat Blackwell model speaks to the conduct of clients so as to settle on the necessary choice while purchasing a specific item. Customers for the most part choose to purchase an item dependent on little data. As per the hypothesis, purchaser requires constrained data alongside the limit of elaboration. For example, clients know about their needs and they accept that a specific item will fulfill their necessities. Cost is a requirement that impacts the purchasing conduct of clients (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). Utilizing this model, organizations of food and drink industry can distinguish different parts of purchasing conduct of clients. Howard Sheth model cases buy choice of customers. As indicated by his model, there are different elements that make a noteworthy effect in the buying choice of purchasers. The hypothesis estimates that loved ones impact a great deal in giving data and input to the clients. Retailers of the business are figuring their objectives according to the outlook of the clients. Organizations think about various objectives, interests and thought processes of buyers when they make a specific item (Davis et al. 2013). Various boosts or sources of info are considered in the hypothesis, for example, emblematic, social and significative. Maslows pecking order is a model which depicts the essential needs and prerequisites of an individual. The hypothesis comprises of certain means, for example, physiological necessities, security needs, confidence, love and possessions, self-actualisation and self-amazing quality. It is an inspirational hypothesis which clarifies the advancement of an individual and his development. Inborn necessities of an individual are very much referenced by Maslow in his human inspiration hypothesis. In physiological necessities, the fundamental prerequisite of food, safe house and garments. At whatever point an individual is fulfilled by his physiological needs he will naturally desire for security. Security and wellbeing needs incorporate

Corporation and all other organizational forms Essay

1-1. What is the most significant distinction between a company and all other hierarchical structures? Proprietors of an organization are not subject for commitments the enterprise goes into in light of the fact that a partnership is characterized as a lawful element separate from its proprietors. 1-2. What does the expression restricted risk mean in a corporate setting? Constrained risk implies that proprietors/speculators are exclusively at risk for the sums they put resources into the organization; and proprietors/financial specialists are not answerable for any obligations, reprobate assets, or assortments caused by the organization. 1-3. Which hierarchical structures give their proprietors constrained obligation? Companies give proprietors constrained obligation and restricted associations give restricted risk to the restricted accomplices, not the general accomplices. 1-4. What are the principle favorable circumstances and weaknesses of sorting out a firm as an enterprise? The principle preferences of an association are they offer constrained risk to the proprietors, more prominent liquidity and life expectancy because of a boundless number of potential proprietors putting assets into the firm. The principle detriments of an association are their twofold tax assessment from benefits/profits and the partition among possession and control of the firm. 1-5. Clarify the distinction between a S enterprise and a C partnership. The contrast between a C organization and S enterprise is a C company pays corporate personal charges on benefits and afterward the benefits are circulated to the proprietors, whom are liable for paying annual expenses on these income. S enterprises don't pay corporate expenses on benefits, yet they pass the whole assessment obligation onto the proprietors. The proprietors of a S company are constrained to close to 100 U.S. residents. 1-6. You are an investor in a C partnership. The organization gains $2 perâ share before charges. When it has paid assessments it will circulate the remainder of its profit to you as a profit. The corporate duty rate is 40% and the individual assessment rate on (both profit and non-profit) salary is 30%. What amount is left for you after all charges are paid? Profit accessible after corporate duties: $2 x (1-0.4) = $1.20 Dividend accessible after close to home assessments: $1.20 x (1-0.3) = $0.84 After expenses are paid, a profit of $0.84 per share is accessible for dissemination. 1-7. Rehash Problem 6 accepting the partnership is a S company. Profit accessible after corporate charges: $2, S enterprises are not dependent upon corporate expenses. Profit accessible after close to home expenses: $2 x (1-0.3) = $1.40 After assessments are paid, a profit of $1.40 per share is accessible for appropriation. 2.8 In mid 2009, General Electric (GE) had a book estimation of value of $105 billion, 10.5 billion offers remarkable, and a market cost of $10.80 per share. GE additionally had money of $48 billion, and absolute obligation of $524 billion. After three years, in mid 2012, GE had a book estimation of value of $116 billion, 10.6 billion offers extraordinary with a market cost of $17 per share, money of $84 billion, and all out obligation of $410 billion. Over this period, what was the change in GE’s: a. showcase capitalization? Market Value of Equity = Shares remarkable Ãâ€"Market cost per share 2009: 10.5 billion offers x $10.80 per share = $113.4 billion 2012: 10.6 billion offers x $17 per share = $180.2 billion The adjustment in advertise capitalization somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2012 is: $180.2 billion †$113.4 billion = $66.8 billion. b. advertise to-book proportion? 2009: $113.4/$105 = 1.08 2012: $180.2/$116 = 1.55 The adjustment in advertise to-book proportion somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2012 is: 1.55 †1.08 = 0.47 c. venture esteem? Undertaking Value = Market Value of Equity + Debt âˆ' Cash 2009: $113.4 + 524 †48 = $589.4 billion 2012: $180.2 + 410 †84 = $506.2 billion The adjustment in big business esteem somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2012 is: $506.2 billion †$589.4 billion = - $83.2 billion 2-11. Assume that in 2013, Global launchesâ an forceful showcasing effort that supports deals by 15%. Nonetheless, their working edge tumbles from 5.57% to 4.50%. Assume that they have no other pay, intrigue costs are unaltered, and charges are a similar level of pretax salary as in 2012. a. What is Global’s EBIT in 2013? 2013 Revenues: $186.7 million x 1.15 = $214.705 million EBIT = $214.705 million x 0.045 = $9.66 million b. What is Global’s net gain in 2013? Total compensation = EBIT †Interest Expenses †Taxes 2013 Net salary: ($9.66 million †$7.7 million) x (1-0.26) = $1.45 million c. In the event that Global’s P/E proportion and number of offers remarkable stays unaltered, what is Global’s share cost in 2013? 2013 P/E proportion: 2012 offer value/profit per share = $14/$0.556 = 25.17 2013 EPS: 2013 Net pay/shares remarkable = $1.45 million/3.6 million offers = $0.403 2013 Share cost = 25.17 x $0.403 = $10.14 per share 2-24. Assume your firm gets a $5 million request on the most recent day of the year. You take care of the request with $2 million worth of stock. The client gets the whole request that day and pays $1 million forthright in real money; you likewise issue a bill for the client to pay the rest of the equalization of $4 million of every 30 days. Assume your firm’s charge rate is 0% (i.e., disregard charges). Decide the outcomes of this exchange for every one of the accompanying: a. Incomes = Increase by $5 million b. Profit = Increase by $ 3 million c. Receivables = Increase by 4 million d. Stock = Decrease by $2 million e. Money = Increase by $1 million ($3 million profit + $2 million stock †$4 million receivables)

My Leadership experiences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Leadership encounters - Essay Example As an understudy in a master's level college, I have kept up my situation as a gathering head. Subsequently, I have figured out how to acknowledge and manage people who have distinctive social foundations and ethnicity. There were additionally times when irreconcilable circumstances are available inside the gathering that I handle. By building up an open correspondence line with the colleagues, I had the option to effectively resolve the misconceptions and contentions inside the gathering. During the time spent quieting down the expanding strain, I have instructed my gathering mates the significance of Tai Chi as an unwinding method wherein the gathering individuals have chosen to separately record their dissatisfactions, outrage and debilitation in a bit of paper and spot them in the ‘garbage basket.’ accordingly, I had the option to effectively decrease the negative weight that exists among the colleagues. When all is said in done, the act of a frail administration is probably going to add to the authoritative disappointment and wasteful activities inside the Navy. In accordance with the wastefulness in the Navy’s operational framework, there is a higher possibility of having a diminished working mentality and resolve of the pioneers just as their subordinates. At long last, it turns out to be increasingly hard to make and keep up a solid and tranquil workplace for the colleagues. In view of my past initiative encounters while executing a significant hierarchical change, ‘resistance to change’ among the colleagues is one of the most well-known proviso or bottleneck that could block the arranging of formative stage in the Navy. Fundamentally, the three main considerations that could elevate protection from change include: (1) the way that individuals may feel that they have no power over the unexpected changes; (2) the laborers may consider change to be a risk to their present places of

The Unusual Mystery Into Writing a Reseach Paper

The Unusual Mystery Into Writing a Reseach Paper The Writing a Reseach Paper Cover Up In the expert psychology world, a similar kind of paper exists, and it's known as a Comment or a Reply. How and why questions are crucial since they require the author to generate an argument. Know how your essay is going to be evaluated. When you purchase your world literature essay from our company we shall offer you qualified writer who has knowledge on the region you are studying. A research paper involves surveying a field of knowledge to be able to get the best possible data in that area. So, the one thing you must do is merely to organize information you've found and texts you have written for your research. Keep tabs on your reference materials so that you can cite them and construct your bibliography later. Most students usually find it challenging to manage literature reviews due to their length, and the simple fact they require in-depth research, and information understanding. 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To ease your work, you might use various on-line citation generation tools as well as essay templates in APA. If you're taking a psychology class, it's very likely your instructor will request that you compose an APA paper sooner or later. You p rovide references at the close of the work to permit others to discover the information that you used. Writing a memorable intro is just one of the biggest issues which people face and often, a student loses an excessive amount of time to compose an ideal introduction and misses out many excellent ideas because of it. The purpose here is to set your project within the bigger whole of what's currently being explored, while demonstrating to your readers your work is original and advanced. Regardless of what you have to write, online help is always available, and you are able it! 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An individual should realize that every Research Paper is a sophisticated writing because it must contain distinctive research and distinctive idea.

Scientific Thinking, Economic Reasoning and Their...

The Caribbean has had celebrated economists who, in their works, always sought to define the Caribbean experience and produce solutions to the region’s problems. Their achievements arose out of a need for a Third World economic story that was separate from that developed in more advanced nations. Economics, however, has been regarded as a â€Å"dismal science† (Carlyle 1849) and some have questioned if it is a science at all. For this essay, we assume that economics is a science and ask â€Å"Is and was scientific reasoning a part of economic reasoning in the Caribbean?† The analysis for this paper therefore considers both the publications based on the Caribbean from the 1960s and 1970s and the recent analytical trend in the Caribbean.†¦show more content†¦Dunbar in another article (undated) included expertise as part of the scientific thinking. Ayalon and Even (2008) notes association and plausible inference as other processes. Further reading, th ough, indicates that the processes mentioned may not be clear cut in their use, that is, one process may be a part of another process. Most of the methods mentioned by Dunbar and Klahr (2012) will be discussed but with considerations of other authors. Dunbar (undated) highlighted three aspects scientific thinking, one of which is hypothesis testing. In hypothesis testing logic is applied to a set of statements. These statements or propositions are a combination of premises and conclusions. The premises and their conclusions are evaluated for their truthfulness or justifiability of explanation. How these propositions are examined is referred to as reasoning strategies. There are three strategies in hypothesis testing: induction, deduction and abduction. These three processes also referred to as Peirce’s Inferential Triad, can be used under other reasoning processes such as causal reasoning. In addition, hypothesis testing may be on an individual level or collaboratively (note that collaborative reasoning is mentioned as a reasoning process by Dunbar and Klahr (2012)). Inferring about theShow MoreRelatedRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesprior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tellRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesupdated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. 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Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes Essay - 589 Words

Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes In 1651, Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan, his famous work that detailed his physicalist outlook and his concept of the value of a social contract for a peaceful society and the nature of man. His major belief was that man is a beast that defines his identity through the need to be controlled under some kind of external, oppressive power. This essay will explain Hobbes’ views of man’s identity in the society and will demonstrate how it was mirrored in the political structure. In Hobbes’ work, he explained that if individuals within a society continually lived by their own self-interests, they would continue to hurt each other and be stuck in a state of war, or chaos. If the members of society were†¦show more content†¦In this state of war, says Hobbes, the continual fear of our neighbors would reduce our lives to: solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. It would be solitary because we have no reason to trust anyone else; poor because we have no possible benefit of commerce in such war; nasty because we are continually threatened and fearful of one another; brutish because we only have time to act on our passions like our fellow animals; and short because war of all against all results in many untimely and violent deaths.1 This incredibly pessimistic account of the nature of human life, Hobbes says, is born in part by the actions of all of us, when, without any thinking, we arm ourselves and lock our doors. Does not there as much accuse of mankind by his actions as I do with my words? But neither of us accuse man’s nature in it. The desires and the other passions of man, are in themselves no sin. No more are the actions, that proceed from those passions, till they know a law that forbids them: which till laws be made they cannot know: nor can a law be made, till they have agreed upon the person to make it.2 Accordingly, by arming ourselves and locking our doors, Hobbes’ political recommendations reflect the way we live. In today’s society it seems that no one believes in anything but money, which is leaving us morally bankrupt. People do what meets their own self-interests. This moral disintegration pulses throughShow MoreRelatedThomas Hobbes Leviathan801 Words   |  4 PagesThe true essence of Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan is a well-constructed story that examines human nature. Hobbes’ introduces Leviathan during a chaotic period filled with death and a voyage of human expansion, which leads to the creation of a logical and sustainable society. This society is the commonwealth and led by a sovereign. 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One man can claim any benefit to his satisfaction, but is it only satisfying to himself or othersRead MoreEssay Thomas Hobbes Leviathan1938 Words   |  8 PagesThomas Hobbes Leviathan Above anything else, Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan is a creation story and an investigation of human nature. The story begins in a time of chaos and death and through a journey of human development culminates in the establishment of a sustainable and rational society—the commonwealth—led by a sovereign. At a first casual glance, Hobbes’ reasoning of the transformation from the state of nature to the commonwealth is not airtight. A few possible objections can be quickly spotted:Read MoreSummary Of Leviathan By Thomas Hobbes883 Words   |  4 PagesYvette Thompson Question 1: In the excerpt Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes talks about human beings living in the state of nature where conditions are, â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.† (p.84) Hobbes claims, people will act in their best interest to form a powerful Sovereign to gain protection, he states â€Å"The mutual transferring of right, is that which men call contract.† (p.89) If this creation is to rescue people from their natural-self, then it is required for the sovereign to have completeRead MoreThomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe source which will be analysed is the frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes most famous work ‘Leviathan’ and ‘Leviathan’ as a whole. The frontispiece is considered as prominent as the arguments put forth by Thomas Hobbes in the ‘Leviathan’ itself. The frontispiece depicts a crowned figure grasping a crosier and a sword. This figure, or ‘Leviathan’, represents the all-powerful, comprehens ive state. When looked at closely, the torso and arms of the figure are made up of hundreds of individual people, whoRead MoreThomas Hobbes Leviathan Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages A state of nature is a hypothetical state of being within a society that defines such a way that particular community behaves within itself. English philosopher Thomas Hobbes proclaimed that, â€Å"A state of nature is a state of war.† By this, Hobbes means that every human being, given the absence of government or a contract between other members of a society, would act in a war-like state in which each man would be motivated by desires derived solely with the intention of maximizing his own utilityRead MoreThomas Hobbes And Lockes Leviathan1309 Words   |  6 Pagesof humans and consequently explained the best method of governing them. Published in 1651, Thomas Hobbes’s controversial Leviathan details a rather dystopian view of humanity’s natural state and advocates for an absolu tist government. Nearly 40 years later, John Locke published The Second Treatise of Government, detailing his own views, many of which sharply contrast with those of Hobbes. Despite both Hobbes and Locke arguing that all men are equal in the state of nature, Hobbes’s belief that thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes Leviathan1008 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish philosopher, Thomas Hobbes’, leviathan consists of three parts. The second part, titled â€Å"Of Commonwealth†, describes a government Hobbes refers to as the â€Å"leviathan†; which is simply defined as â€Å"something that is very large and powerful†. Biblically, â€Å"leviathan† is defined negatively, as a devilish sea monster. On the contrary, Hobbes uses the term to portray his version of the ideal government. Hobbes emphasizes the concept of human nature. He explains that there are both negative and

Gender Diversity Corporate Boards Management-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Gender Diversity Corporate Boards Management? Answer: Introduction During 2016, Credit Suisse AG, a leading financial services provider released a report entitled, The CS Gender 3000: The Reward for Change, on a worldwide basis. The main focus of this report was to analyse the Credit Suisse Gender 3000, that covers more than, 27000 senior managers in more than 3,000 companies globally. This report analyses the collected database to determine whether the gender diversity at the top level can be connected to better performance and studies those organizations that have more than 50% female representation in venture capital companies, Micro-finance institutions and senior management (Catalyst, 2017). As per this report, the company confirmed its findings that the companies that employ a large number of women who function in the decision-making roles continue to generate a superior profits rate and market returns. As part of this report, the organization also documented the percentage of women or gender diversity on the corporate board throughout the world including Australia and some of the figures related to this issue are as follows. As per this report, the women continue to remain under-represented, although boardroom diversity continues to increase at a fast rate, for example, in 2015, women held 14.7% of the total corporate board seats. Although this figure increased to 54% ever since 2010 and 12.4% since the previous year, only 20.1% of the companies that were researched in the study had three women on the board (Lee et al., 2015). Further, the women held only 4% of the board chair positions regardless of business sector. Not only that as per MSCI study, more than 73.5% of companies included in the study had at least one woman director (Lee et al., 2015). As per Credit Suisse, to reap the benefits of the diversity the board must have at least 3 or more than 3 women as it changes the boardroom dynamics in a substantial manner yet only 20.1% of boards have appointed more than 3 women. When these figures are compared with Australian figures, the research findings indicate that up to 2016, the women hold 23.4% of board seats and almost a quarter of ASX Board seats that is up from 8.3% in 2009 aicd.companydirectors.com.au, 2015). However, 10% of the ASX company boards do not have any woman. But, as per latest figures, during first six months of 2016, women comprised 40% of latest appointments in the company boards. This figure is on the rise when compared with the figure in 2015, that is, 34% and 22% in 2013. One of the best examples this is GWA Group limited where there are 8 Directors in the Company Board and there is only one woman director. Performance of Gender Diversity Corporate Boards One topic that remains the part of the debate in this area is whether the company boards that have a higher female representation perform well when compared with other company that does not have much gender diversity and corporate board level. In 2014, Post and Byron published a research article where they conducted a meta-analysis of more than 140 research studies related to board gender diversity that synthesized sample of more than 90,000 companies from more than 30 countries. In 2015, the other remarkable study on this topic was published by a team of researchers that comprised of Pletzer, Nikolova, Kedzior, and Voelpel. The main focus of this study was to complete a meta-analysis of 20 studies and tested the relationship between the financial performance of the company such as (ROE) or return on equity, (ROA) or return on assets, and diversity on company board. As per these results, the researchers need to consider other factors rather than considering only the representation of women on board and the financial performance of the firm. According to Post Byron (2014), the firms that have more women director report a slightly higher accounting returns, that includes return on assets among the others when compared with the organizations that have few women directors. This statement is also confirmed by other research studies such as Pletzer, Nikolova, Kedzior, and Voelpel, (2015) and Eagly, (2016). However, as per report published by Credit Suisse, the figures confirm the benefits of gender-balanced boards for example; the firm with most women directors had a higher ROS such as 16% when compared with the companies that do not have women directors (Strm, DEspallier, Mersland, 2014). Not only that these companies also reported the higher level of ROIC or return on invested capital that reaches up to 26%. According to statistics published by MSCI, the companies that have strong women leadership is correlated with higher ROE when compared with the companies that do not have strong woman leadership, that is, 10.1% vs. 7.4% (Lee et al., 2015). Further, this difference can also be noticed in superior price-to-book ratio, that is, 1.76 vs. 1.56. In addition, the report also concluded that the companies that have fewer women on company boards face more governance-related issues when compared with the companies with strong female leadership (Lee et al., 2015). This is also confirmed by the study finding of the research study published by Pathan, Faff during 2013. operations, Find Room for her, Rebecca Shambaugh, the author offers different causes of this improvement in performance such as the leadership performance and style of women who are in leadership positions. She also strongly supports the inclusion of more women on corporate boards. To validate her point, she offers some statistics such as women anywhere represent 80% on the consumer decision and they also possess important leadership perceptions and styles such as democratic and transformational that enhances profitability of the company. A research study published during 2009 by a team of researchers, Terjesen, Sealy, Singh supports and confirms her research finding on this topic. She also states that this is due to the fact that women possess natural skill sets related to listening to other people, sharing constructive criticism, avoiding autocratic leadership style and keeping an open mind related to any matter. Located in Queensland GWA Group Limited remain the leading Australia n supplier of building fixtures as well as fittings to commercial and household premises. This company has 8 Directors on its corporate board but only one woman director. Conclusion It is clear from above research that gender-balanced corporate board remains the best choice for a company that would like to achieve success and maintain it in an increasingly competitive market. However, when the normal figures in AXN companies, that is, 23.4% are compared with the figures related to GWA Group Limited, the percentage is just 12%. It is a fact that as per many studies, there is a close correlation between the financial performance of a firm and the number of women on corporate board. Not only that there is a strong relationship between the leadership styles favored by women and the profitability of the company. Recommendations It is a fact that presently, the company is showing an average performance that continues to fluctuate between small ranges for last five years. To better its financial performance, the researcher offers following recommendations The company needs to increase the number of woman directors from 1 to 3 or more than three. This is due to the fact that 3 or more than 3 women change the company dynamics. The firm needs to ensure that the appointed women directors are not appointed to comply with rules and regulations, but would take an active interest in the company matters. The company also needs to incorporate the suggestions given by these directors into their company strategy. References aicd.companydirectors.com.au (2015). Women on ASX 200 Boards on the Rise. Available at https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/advocacy/board-diversity/women-on-asx-200-boards-on-the-rise Catalyst. (2017).Women on Corporate Boards Globally. [online] Available at: https://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-corporate-boards-globally#footnote3_clwctpn [Accessed 8 Sep. 2017]. Eagly, A. H. (2016). When Passionate Advocates Meet Research on Diversity, Does the Honest Broker Stand a Chance?Journal of business Issues,72(1), 199-222. doi:10.1111/josi.12163 Lee, L., Marshall, R., Rallis, D. and Moscardi, M. (2015).WOMEN ON BOARDS GLOBAL TRENDS IN GENDER DIVERSITY ON CORPORATE BOARDS - Cite This For Me. [online] Msci.com. Available at: https://www.msci.com/documents/10199/04b6f646-d638-4878-9c61-4eb91748a82b [Accessed 8 Sep. 2017]. Pathan, S., Faff, R. (2013). Does board structure in banks really affect their performance?Journal of Banking Finance,37(5), 1573-1589. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.12.016 Pletzer, J. L., Nikolova, R., Kedzior, K. K., Voelpel, S. C. (2015). Does Gender Matter? Female Representation on Corporate Boards and Firm Financial Performance - A Meta-Analysis.Plos One,10(6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130005 Post, C., Byron, K. (2014). Women on Boards and Firm Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis.Academy of Management Journal,58(5), 1546-1571. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0319 Shambaugh, R. (2013, pp. 65).Make room for her. New York: McGraw-Hill Press. Strm, R., DEspallier, B., Mersland, R. (2014). Female leadership, performance, and governance in microfinance institutions.Journal of Banking Finance,42, 60-75. doi:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.01.014 Terjesen, S., Sealy, R., Singh, V. (2009). Women Directors on Corporate Boards: A Review and Research Agenda. Corporate accounting Governance: An International Review,17(3), 320-337. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2009.00742.x

Up Country Essays (640 words) - Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Up

Up Country In his novel Up Country, Alden R. Carter writes about how hard life is for children in the adolescent era by portraying the actions off Carl Staggers, a teenager surviving his mothers alcoholism and his car radio thief ring gone to disarray. Carl is a tragic hero who rambles through this time period by trying to make things right. He is also accompanied by characters close to him as the novel progresses. Carl is a young man with great hopes and dreams to become an electrical engineer. The problem is that he and his mother are deeply in debt, and Veronica Staggers, Carl's mother, is an alcoholic who is brought home by the cops almost every week. Carl has the bright idea to use an opportunity that arose to earn money to go to a good technical college and earn a degree in electrical engineering. In this little opportunity, Carl repairs stolen stereos that he receives from his partner in crime, changes the serial number, and places the stereo into a company box for resale. Although this seems like the perfect crime, something goes terribly wrong with his admirable plan and Carl gets busted for the radios along with all of the other juveniles helping him. Ironically he was busted for the car audio equipment because of his mother who was thrown in a detox center for her alcohol abuse. Therefore, Carl was sent"up country" to stay with his aunt, uncle, and cousin whom he hasn't seen for a little over eight years. That's when all of the trouble starts, including a run in with the local redneck bully and his girlfriend. On a good note while staying with his secondary family, he meets a wonderful country girl with whom he ultimately stays with instead of going back to live with his mother, who cleans her self up and moves on with her life. Carl is sentenced to public work and is basically let off easy on the condition that he stay in school and earn that electrical degree. The theme of this story is that even the most least likely person can get what they long for. Carl had always yearned for a stable family. When he was busted and was forced to move in with his aunt and uncle he, at first, dreaded the idea. He was moving in with a family he hadn't seen for eight years! As things moved on, Carl formed a niche in the little town of Blind River. He formed a relationship with his new family and found a girl that he learned to love. In the novella Up Country, examples of irony, a tragic character, and the stereotyped character. Carl's cousin Bob who shows the traits of the conventional red-neck, the buck-tooth, improper English, yokel, where Carl himself shows the typical characteristics of the tragic hero. A hero, who through his own choice, was caught up an a series of events that invariably results in disaster. In my opinion this was a great book for any teenager to read. Most teenagers feel that their life is poor, weak, and pathetic, but if only they could take a look at Carl's life they could see how hard life can sometimes be. Carl is an exceptional student who works hard for his goals, but he knows he will never reach them because of his home and family. Also most adolescents feel they need to take the wrong path to get what they want. Carl took the wrong path and he ended up with a good and stable family, a girlfriend, and a hope to reach is goal. So I say take the wrong path and maybe you could end up with what Carl had. All things considered, Carl had an extremely hard life with his alcoholic mother. But as you will see, when he got away from her he matured and grew emotionally. He essentially got everything he prayed and wished for. Consider this, if you were in Carl's shoes, what would you do? What path would you take?

Alzheimer essays

Alzheimer essays Alzheimers is the death of the mind before the body. (1) This definition of Alzheimers is very simple, but very true; it sums up the disease in one simple statement. Scientifically Alzheimers is a progressive, neurological disease, in which plaque and tangles, composed primarily of protein, build up on and in neurons respectively, in the hippocampus and interfere with memory, thinking, language skills and behavior. (2) It is still unclear whether these structures cause the disease, or if they are a byproduct of it. The disease is named after a German physician, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906 he did a case study on a 51-year-old woman who suffered from a brain disorder, and her brain autopsy showed the same plaques and tangles that are used to diagnose Alzheimers today. The cause of Alzheimers is still unknown. (2). However current research is finding that there can be several contributing factors such as genetics, head injuries, age, neuron damage from free radicals, brain inflammation, and environmental factors. Age being the most important risk factor. There are also two types of the disease: sporadic and familial. Familial Alzheimers follows an obvious inheritance pattern, however less than ten percent of Alzheimers cases are familial. If this were the more prevalent form of the disease it would be much easier to predict and therefore one could start preparing far in advance, because this type can strike as early as 30. Scientists have made great advancements on the genetic front of the disease. They have zeroed in on three mutations on chromosomes 1, 14, and 21 that cause early-onset Alzheimers disease, which affects people within the ages of 30-60. They have also found information on late-onset Alzheimers, and other genes they believe increase susceptibility to the disease. There are two general categories of Alzheimers symptoms:...

Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constitution - Essay Example It has become a fundamental right that is universally recognized by the courts and public alike. Under this presumption, defendants are entitled to a presumption of innocence. Defendants do not have to prove their innocence. The government must establish guilt ‘beyond a reasonable doubt.’ This right and others are outlined in four Amendments, the Fourth which protects against searches and seizures without benefit of a court warrant, in addition to the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth. These aforementioned four Amendments are essential to the U.S. criminal justice system functioning as the framers of the Constitution envisioned it. (Twining v. New Jersey, 1908). The Fifth Amendment guarantees the defendant’s right to ‘due process of law’ and from being subjected to ‘double jeopardy’ or testifying against themselves. Double jeopardy means being put on trial twice for the same offense (U.S. Department of State, 2001). The ‘Miranda Rightsâ€℠¢ are covered by the Fifth Amendment. The Eighth Amendment prohibits courts assessing ‘excessive bail’ and implementing ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’ It is the Sixth Amendment that offers the most protection for citizens. Defendants are guaranteed the right to a ‘speedy trial’ and an ‘impartial jury’ by the Sixth Amendment. ... Today, the courts interpret this Sixth Amendment right to include appointing an attorney for defendants that can’t pay for one. Prior to the Gideon v. Wainwright ruling in 1963, courts had generally understood that legal representation would be appointed in special situations only such as when the defendant was not capable of comprehending the charges brought against them because of a mental deficiency. This was accepted as being fair and just but disregarded the indigent who could not afford legal counsel. Gideon was a compelling affirmation that both groups, those that could not understand the charges and those that did not have the financial means to retain counsel, were at equal disadvantage and that all citizens had a fundamental right to be represented by legal counsel. â€Å"The underpinning of Gideon is the notion that a fair trial requires a balance of power, and to the extent that the government spends money in support of the prosecution, it should also spend money on defense† (Black, 1963). The Bill of Rights does not include specific or even ambiguous instructions regarding victim protections. Interestingly, the Sixth Amendment, which outlines the most important rights for the defendant also addresses rights, of sorts, for the victim. Because this Amendment stipulates that the defendant be â€Å"confronted with the witnesses against him† (â€Å"Bill of Rights†) it allows for victims to confront the person who wronged them. The accused must be able to confront their accuser which cannot happen unless, of course, the victim confronts the accused. Confronting the person who perpetrated the crime is therapeutic for the victim and is a practice that has grown in popularity in recent years. The First Amendment

Tropical Monsoon Climate Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tropical Monsoon Climate - Term Paper Example Tropical monsoon climate is mainly found in the coastal regions of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, India, southwest of Africa, northeast and southeast of Brazil and French Guiana (Ritter, 2006). According to Glantz (2003), there are two monsoons dominating in Asia – winter northeast monsoon, which comes from November to February and summer which comes from may to September. They are the majority critical climatic factors that come with most of the regions precipitation. Asia is renowned for its annual drought and flood especially in Bangladesh and India due to seasonal shift of weather. While the flood alone covers 7.7 million hectares in India, it covers 3.1 million hectares in Bangladesh. Tropical cyclone is another major feature of climate in this region. In particular, it affects two areas – northern Indian Ocean, which affects Bangladesh and northwestern Pacific Ocean, which affects Vietnam and Philippines. EL Nino-southern oscillation (ENSO) is another extensive phenomenal that has major influences in climate in a number of countries. In Africa there are three major areas where tropical monsoon occurs namely the southern coast of western Africa at 5 degrees north and 9 degrees north latitude, the Congo basin, which lies between 5 degrees north and 5 degrees south, and the remaining part which lies in between 15 degrees north and 15 degrees south. The climatic conditions in Africa differ from tropical monsoon in Asia especially in Congo Basin and southern coast of West Africa where heavy rainfall is experienced all through the year. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 10 mm in Sahara and 2000 mm in equator and other parts of West Africa. Precipitation is caused by convection process while movements of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and large-scale air mass movement brings seasonal variation. Drought in Africa is inevitable – it recurs from time to time and as a result, food crisis is a big problem that puts the population at risk (Glantz, 2003). Tropical monsoon climate in America is common in no rthern parts of South America and Central America where important topography and climatological consequences are found. Rainfall is brought by general circulation of trade winds. Andes Mountains is a flat area where major humid part of South America lies. Salinger (2005) records that ITCZ controls the seasonal movements that are smaller than Southeast Asia and the general circulation of this area. Droughts are severe in northern part of South America unlike Asia where major hazard are cyclones and floods. In humid and sub-humid tropics, agriculture is very vital; take an example of Asia where agriculture is an important economic sector. According to Salinger (2005), Asia, in 1993, employed more than half of the labor forces, which brought 63% of the gross domestic produce (GDP). Most export comes from agricultural products that brings a great amount of foreign exchange earnings. In this region rice, being the major crop, constitutes the largest part of production while maize and whe at follow. Nevertheless, agriculture experiences vulnerability in humid and sub-humid tropics attributable to some factor. With the exception of Africa where food security has been a problem for years, agriculture is also vulnerable in other countries but with minimal severity. Tropical cyclone also causes severe damage to the agriculture sector especially in Asia. Crop and livestock

Child observation Essay Example for Free

Child observation Essay All the children at Gerber Preschool are between the ages of 3 and 4 years old and mainly consist of lower to lower middle class Hispanic and Caucasian families. Mya is a small statured 3 year old Hispanic Caucasian female, with light olive-toned skin, long brown hair, and large brown eyes. Toby is an average statured 4 year old Caucasian male, fair-skinned, blue-eyed, short brown hair. Toby and Mya both seem to be in good physical heath. Jesus is a slightly above average statured 4 year old Hispanic male, with dark brown skin, short spikey black hair and brown eyes. Spanish is Jesus primary language at home but is encouraged to speak English at school. Mya, Toby, and Jesus all appear to be right handed and in good physical heath. Description of Setting: The observation session began on Tuesday May 7, 2013, at approximately 10:00 AM in Gerber, California; the preschool has 2 adults and 8-10 kids. All the children were in line waiting to exit out the back door to the playground. The playground featured a large fenced off area with a large grassy area and the class flower bed covered by a large shade tree, large cement slab with tricycles and tetherball, play house, sand box, and large gym set. There is an assortment of activities available for the children to play including: kickball, bubble buckets, tetherball, hopscotch, jump rope, soccer, etc. Primary Observation: Start time 10:00 AM on Tuesday, May 7, 2013 10:00- Toby impatiently stands in line telling Jesus â€Å"I’m going to be the first one on the playground† Jesus yells â€Å"No I am! † two people behind them Mya and Jessica are holding hands laughing and whispering in each other’s ears. Everyone is squirming about unable to sit still waiting for the go ahead to head outside. 10:05- The children rush outside onto the grass and prepare for story time. Jesus screams â€Å"Rainbow Fish† once he sees the book in the teacher’s hands. Mya excitingly says â€Å"I want a rainbow fish† to Jesus, he in return says â€Å"I want one too. † All the children sit down so the teacher could begin the story. 10:10- During the story Toby was unable to see the book and yells to his teacher â€Å"Aren’t you going to face it to me. He continues to be disruptive getting up and interrupting the teacher. Toby is very energetic and begins to get restless playing with whatever is within his reach. He starts disturbing Jessica until the teacher asks him to sit back down and stop disturbing others Toby than sits back down and begins whining that he is unable to see the book again. 10:15- At the end of the story the teacher asks the children â€Å"Why did Rainbow Fish give away his scales? † Jesus immediately stood up and said â€Å"Because he was alone and wanted friends† Toby says â€Å"Now he has no more rainbow scales. † 10:20- The class is now on free time for the rest of the day. All the children immediately take off running for the playground; Toby and Jesus immediately go for the tricycles. While Mya went straight for the flower bed to dig with the shovel and buckets that were there. 10:25- Jesus, Toby, and another little boy raced back and forth across the pavement a couple times but quickly lost interest in the tricycles and more interested in what the other children were doing. 10:30- Toby ran over to where Mya was and Mya said â€Å"Let’s play house† the children discussed where they would live and what part they would act out. Toby excitedly screamed â€Å"Ok, I’m the daddy†, and Mya says â€Å"I’m the mommy†, and two other little boys Gauge and Angel are the sons. 10:35- Mya runs over to the play house and begins putting sand in a bucket and acts as if she is cooking while Toby makes the fire. Jesus walks over and picks up Mya’s bucket, she instantly got mad at Jesus and hit him. Jesus left crying and she said â€Å"He didn’t say please, so leave me alone. † She than stuck her tongue out at him, another girl by the name of Jessica told the teacher. The teacher told Mya that if she couldn’t talk nice and share she would have to choose another area to play. 10:40- After the incident Toby moves over to a bucket of bubbles with 3 wands, colored green, purple, and pink. Toby and Jesus blow bubbles together. No bubbles were coming out of Toby’s wand, so he blew with more force. Toby takes his wand to the teacher. He brought his wand back, dipped it in the bubble bucket and flung it out. 10:45- Mya gets the purple bubble wand and Toby goes over to Mya and tries to take it away from her. Mya begins to make sounds of being upset but soon gets over it when the other children begin popping the bubbles and she joins in squealing and laughing. 10:50- The teacher blows her whistle to signal to the children it’s time to clean up and go inside. Mya quickly grabs the bubble bucket yelling â€Å"I got the bubbles† while Jesus and Toby raced to the door to line up without picking up anything. 10:55- All the children walked back into the class room and were instructed to sit at a table. Toby got up from the table and a little boy named Gauge took his seat. He tried to get the attention of the teacher but she was busy with another child, so he pulled Gauge by the shirt and begin to cry saying â€Å"get out my chair† Gauge refused to move. Once the teacher finally got to them they had already started to tussle a little. Toby and Gauge were both placed in time out but first they had to apologize to one another. 11:00- End of observation. Analysis: Gender identity is the perception of oneself as male or female (pg. 252). All three children show gender identity when they discuss the roles of one another to play house, with Mya being the mother, Jesus the father, and Gauge and Angel as the sons. Mya also displays gender identity when she pretends to cook while playing house as well. On page 254 cooperative play is described as children playing with one another taking turns, playing games, etc. Mya, Toby, and Jesus demonstrate cooperative play as well as make-believe play throughout their game of house they coordinated ideas together as a group. Cooperative play is also apparent when the children play with the bubbles. The text on page 264 states that aggression is an intentional injury or harm to another person. Mya showed aggression by hitting Jesus when she became angry at him. Toby also displayed aggression when he grabbed Gauge in an attempt to get his chair back. In sum all of the children seem to be displaying appropriate social and emotional behavior and skills typical of their age.

Style Analysis For See Them Di :: essays research papers

Style Analysis for See them Die, McBain aims to lead the reader into the bleak litter-strewn environment of a crowded American slum with its inherent threat of violence. Two dominating forces, Heat and July, established in the first two words, emerge as double personifications, prostitutes, in the first paragraph, their brazen 'vengeance', strutting insolently, garishly, born to make you suffer. Here the tone is aggressive, and menacing as McBain establishes the control his 'twin bitches' exert. This colourful start, rich in uncompromising nastiness, serves as a spring board for the more oppressive atmosphere neglect creates, and the sordid sense of entrapment which follows. 'The air is tangible' personifies the air, giving it purpose in its drab surroundings, and along with the onomatopoeic 'sticky' and 'clinging', conveys a sense of desolation. McBain then focuses on the visual 'nastiness', spraying sensory feelings throughout the next four lines, 'off-white brilliance', 'light that is dizzying' and 'shimmer of blue', all bring with them feelings of intense light, and a harsh, unnatural environment. The inseparable ideas of 'heat' and 'July' give the piece a secure foundation on which the detail builds. This structural security, reinforced by three other lines also set in isolation, gives McBain's writing an uncompromising edge, thus complementing his bleak tone. It is only 8:40 am…and it its Sunday. Placed almost midway, offers a structural reminder that much more will follow when the people wake up; that in fact we are experiencing the uncomfortable calm before the urban storm. These ideas contrast the 'quiet' of the previous line. After the opening metaphoric paragraph McBain develops details of the unpleasant light and its mixed effect on the scene: glow, off-white, light and dark, sin sits low, faded, shimmer, hint of blue. These impressions, combined with some effective 'tactile' diction, convey a sense of unevenness and reinforce the general air of unpredictability. The third major paragraph takes us into the refuse of human habitation, an extension of the bleakness built up previously. Garbage, neglect and the sordid symptoms of poverty establish clearly that the people in the setting are trapped on all sides by heat, July and where they live. The simple movement of a man's arm, through its stark contrast, reinforces the control of the disgusting street environment. The single line This is the only movement on the street Cuts off any further glimpses of people or action, at this stage, in keeping with the writer's chief purpose.

Intelligence gathering Essay

The primary objective of intelligence gathering â€Å"†¦is to deal with future danger, not to punish past crimes. † This rings especially true in the world of terrorism. Although you are not seeking to punish past crimes, you cannot discount their usefulness when attempting to understand the future. Information is endless in terms of quantity. There are no limitations to the resources that can create useful and viable information. Perhaps the best source of information is that which comes from human sources. However, in law enforcement the use of undercover officers and informants is limited. The costs and risks associated with such operations are exponential. Also, many of the terrorist groups and organized hate groups are closed societies and are difficult to infiltrate. â€Å"To invade Iraq without preparing to deploy immediately and instruct properly the forces necessary to establish order, protect the inhabitants’ rich cultural legacy, and safeguard the material infrastructure of government and the health system is hardly to evince concern for real people as distinguished from abstract ideas. † (Thomas 2003 4). Nor is Ð ° determination not to tally at least the civilian Iraqi dead and maimed, the collateral damage, as it were, of liberation. Nor is leaving Afghanistan in shambles the better to pursue Ð ° war of choice and opportunity but hardly necessity in the Middle East, Nor is willed amnesia about the fate of the Central American countries where, in the name of democracy during the Reagan years, neo-conservatives championed war rather than fostering compromise and leveraging the social change that might have given substance to democratic forms. But all of these acts and omissions are entirely consistent with Ð ° cynical power-sharing compromise with the hard proponents of an unadorned chauvinism. And they are consistent as well with Ð ° sentiment that administration realists and neo-conservatives appear to possess jointly, which is indifference to what liberal humanitarians deem essential: due regard for the opinion of our old democratic allies and due concern for the lives of the peoples we propose to democratize. â€Å" (Thomas 2004 11). Therefore, much of the information gathered comes from traditional sources such as reports, search warrants, anonymous tips, public domain, and records management systems. This information is used to populate various investigative databases. When investigating Ð ° crime or developing answers to ongoing patterns, series, or trends, law enforcement personnel often rely upon numerous databases and records management systems. â€Å"One predictable yet little remarked consequence of the outrages committed in America on 9/11 has been an upsurge of academic interest in the study of terrorism. The number of US institutes and research centers and ‘think thanks’ which have now added this subject to their research agendas or, in some cases, have been newly established to specialize in this field has mushroomed. In Britain and other European countries the increase in interest has been more modest: some universities are now beginning to recruit specialists in terrorism studies to teach the subject as part of the curriculum of political science or international relations. Yet throughout European academia there is still Ð ° deep-seated reluctance, if not outright refusal, to recognize that studying terror as Ð ° weapon, whether by sub-state groups or regimes, is Ð ° legitimate and necessary scholarly activity. Most of the standard British introductory texts on politics and international relations make no reference to the concept of terrorism, or if they do it is only to dismiss it on the grounds that it is simply Ð ° pejorative term for guerrilla warfare and freedom fighting. Equally remarkable is the neglect of the use of terror by regimes and their security forces. The omission of Ð ° reference to these phenomena in the introductory texts is all the more startling in view of the fact that throughout history regimes have been responsible for campaigns of mass terror, of Ð ° lethality and destructiveness far greater in scale than those waged by sub-state groups. (Mary 2003 25) â€Å"It takes little imagination to see that the events of September 11 delivered Ð ° profound shock to America’s sense of its relationship with the outside world. Commentators inside and outside the United States strove to find words to express their sense of the enormity of the attacks. The attacks were Ð ° â€Å"wake-up call for Americans. † They constituted the â€Å"end of American innocence,† Ð ° final blow to America’s privileged position of detachment from the messy and violent conflicts that blighted less favored countries. America had now once and for all entered the â€Å"real world† of international politics, its â€Å"illusion of invulnerability† finally shattered. An important assumption behind these reactions was that America’s stance toward the outside world could and must change as Ð ° result of these events. American isolationism (in so far as it still existed), its tendency to act unilaterally, indeed its famed â€Å"exceptionalism† itself must inevitably give way to an acknowledgment that the United States was just like any other power. What precise policy implications might flow from such recognition was as yet unclear; it was enough that the events of September 11 constituted Ð ° turning point in American foreign relations. The world, it was said repeatedly, would never be the same again, and neither would America. Simulation exercises of terrorist situations which have occurred can be extremely useful. Lessons can be learnt. Response patterns and negotiating positions have to be viewed in the broader context of government policy-making. Problems shown up by simulation can be examined with Ð ° view to solution – are policy-makers prepared for Ð ° potential crisis or not? Communications breakdown, working at cross purposes and the impact of critical disorganization are regular difficulties. Terrorist tactics and strategies change and this can strain the capabilities of the authorities to respond effectively. â€Å" (John 2004 33-36).

Tenure of Office Act Early Attempt to Limit Presidential Power

The Tenure of Office Act, a law passed by the U.S. Congress over the veto of President Andrew Johnson on March 2, 1867, was an early attempt to restrict the power of the executive branch. It required the president of the United States to get the Senate’s consent to fire any cabinet secretary or another federal official whose appointment had been approved by the Senate. When President Johnson defied the act, the political power struggle led to America’s first presidential impeachment trial. Key Takeaways: Tenure of Office Act The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 required the President of the United States to get the approval of the Senate in order to remove cabinet secretaries or other presidentially-appointed officials from office.Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.President Johnson’s repeated attempts to defy the Tenure of Office Act led to a narrowly-failed attempt to remove him from office through impeachment.Though it had been repealed in 1887, the Tenure of Office Act was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1926. Background and Context When President Johnson took office on April 15, 1865, presidents had the unrestricted power to fire appointed government officials. However, controlling both houses of Congress at the time, Radical Republicans created the Tenure of Office Act to protect members of Johnson’s cabinet who sided with them in opposing the Democratic president’s Southern secessionist state-friendly reconstruction policies. Specifically, the Republicans wanted to protect Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who had been appointed by Republican President Abraham Lincoln. Johnson (1808-1875) was Abraham Lincolns vice-president and succeeded Lincoln as president after his assassination. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images) As soon as Congress enacted the Tenure of Office Act over his veto, President Johnson defied it by trying to replace Stanton with General of the Army Ulysses S. Grant. When the Senate refused to approve his action, Johnson persisted, this time trying to replace Stanton with Adjutant General Lorenzo Thomas. Now fed up with the situation, the Senate rejected the Thomas appointment and on February 24, 1868, the House voted 126 to 47 to impeach President Johnson. Of the eleven articles of impeachment voted against Johnson, nine cited his repeated defiance of the Tenure of Office Act in trying to replace Stanton. Specifically, the House charged Johnson with bringing into â€Å"disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach the Congress of the United States.† Johnsons Impeachment Trial The Senate impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson began on March 4, 1868, and lasted 11 weeks. Senators arguing to convict and remove Johnson from office struggled with one major question: Had Johnson actually violated the Tenure of Office Act or not? The wording of the act was unclear. Secretary of War Stanton had been appointed by President Lincoln and had never been officially re-appointed and confirmed after Johnson took over. While by its wording, the Tenure Act clearly protected office holders appointed by current presidents, it only protected Cabinet secretaries for one month after a new president took office. Johnson, it appeared, may have been acting within his rights in removing Stanton. During the lengthy, often contentious trial, Johnson also took shrewd political steps to appease his congressional accusers. First, he promised to support and enforce the Republicans’ Reconstruction policies and to stop giving his notoriously fiery speeches attacking them. Then, he arguably saved his presidency by appointing General John M. Schofield, a man well respected by most Republicans, as the new Secretary of War. Whether influenced more by the ambiguity of the Tenure Act or Johnson’s political concessions, the Senate allowed Johnson to remain in office. On May 16, 1868, the then 54 Senators voted 35 to 19 to convict Johnson—just one vote short of the two-thirds â€Å"supermajority† vote necessary to remove the president from office. Illustration (by JL Magee), entitled The Man That Blocks Up the Highway, depicts President Andrew Johnson as he stands in front of a log barrier, labeled Veto, while various men with carriages titled Freedmens Bureau, Civil Rights, and Reconstruction are barred from crossing, 1866. Library of Congress / Interim Archives / Getty Images Tough he was allowed to remain in office, Johnson spent the rest of his presidency issuing vetoes of Republican reconstruction bills, only to see Congress swiftly override them. The uproar over the Tenure of Office Act impeachment along with Johnson’s continued attempts to obstruct reconstruction angered voters. In the 1868 presidential election—the first since the abolition of slavery—Republican candidate General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democrat Horatio Seymour. Constitutional Challenge and Repeal Congress repealed the Tenure of Office Act in 1887 after President Grover Cleveland argued that it violated the intent of the Appointments Clause (Article II, Section 2) of the U.S. Constitution, which he said granted the president the sole power to remove presidential appointees from office. The question of the Tenure Act’s constitutionality lingered until 1926 when the U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of Myers v. United States, ruled it unconstitutional. The case arose when President Woodrow Wilson removed Frank S. Myers, a Portland, Oregon postmaster, from office. In his appeal, Myers argued that his firing had violated a provision of the 1867 Tenure of Office Act which stated, â€Å"Postmasters of the first, second, and third classes shall be appointed and may be removed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate.† The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that while the Constitution does provide for how non-elected officials are to be appointed, it does not mention how they should be dismissed. Instead, the court found that the president’s power to dismiss his own executive branch staff was implied by the Appointments Clause. Accordingly, the Supreme Court—nearly 60 years later—ruled that the Tenure of Office Act had violated the constitutionally established separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Tenure of Office Act.† Corbis. History.com.â€Å"The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.† (March 2, 1867). American Experience: Public Broadcasting System.â€Å"An Act regulating the Tenure of certain Federal Offices.† (March 2, 1867). HathiTrust Digital Library